but wide grates can add significantly to project costs - particularly if heavy loads are involved. Grate only - Fits ABT PolyDrain, ACO K100, ACO K100S, ACO KS100 and MEA 1000 Series. Because it is exposed to the same loads as the trench drain grate, it needs to be extremely secure. 9. The following tables list ACO’s grates that are wheelchair and walking cane compliant to AS 1428. Freestyle grates ACO offers a semi-custom option with the opportunity to design the top surface look of an iron grate to complement your project design. This channel features 4" & 6" bottom knockouts. With its holistic approach, ACO stands for professional drainage, economical cleaning and controlled drainage. ACO Food - To prevent contamination by harmful bacteria, a range of uniquely designed stainless steel channels have been developed to stringent health. Product info. ACO Sport. from $165 00 from. Users can enter into the web-based program site-specific information such as the area to be drained, finished floor gradients and design rainfall intensity. Removable grate for quick and easy maintenance. Parts List. £32. Southeast Office trench drain systems and AS 3996, a general standard for access covers and grates. • Manufactured from 16 Gauge type 304 stainless steel. Materials The covers shall be manufactured from stainless steel and have minimum properties as follows:grates from a variety of materials for all loading applications. KlassikDrain - K100 features a 100mm internal width and a wide choice of grates - from a Mesh grate to a suite of Heelsafe grates and up to Load Class D (AS 3996) - for use in applications from carparks to shopping centre drainage. Greek Key. ACO Drain systems consist of manufactured modular trench drains made from stainless steel, corrosion resistant polymer concrete, or fiberglass, together with grates from a. FlowDrain – F660 Catch Basin With Black Coated Frame Spec Sheet. In order to withstand heavy loadings, grates need high tensile strength properties. 68"L x . Accessories. The DrainLok mechanism simply clips into the channel edge rail for rapid installation. 00 (915) 10. ACO RainDrain B 125 Channel and Cast Iron Grating - 118mm x 97mm x 1000mm. Carports. 4. This grate is a no-nonsense plastic variant that will serve perfectly in a ground-up project or urgent repair job. FG200 8" Internal Width Bracing Blocks Choice of Grates Bolted Grates Choice of Steel Frame Interconnecting End Profiles In various materials and styles (including ADA compliant) for applications up to Load Class E. In this video i will show you step by step how to connect, cut and install a new drain grate or channel. ACO Drain’s wide range of products suit general purpose, heavy duty and restricted depth. 8, 13, 44 and NSF/ANSI 3-A 14159-1-2014. 00 incl VAT. Awnings. See separate ACO Spec Info grate sheets for details. 2 Recommended grate information. 8" Wide ACO K100 Trench Drain Grates; 5 1/4'' Wide Polycast 600 Series Grates; 5 3/8" Wide Zurn Z886 Grates; 6'' Wide NDS Dura Slope Grates; 8" Wide Trench Drain Grates; 9 3/8" Wide ACO K200 Trench Drain Grates; 10" Wide Trench Drain Grates; 11 1/4" Wide Zurn Z882 Grates; 12" Wide Trench Drain. In-line pits. Notes. ACO offers high-quality, engineered, sustainable, and integrated stainless steel drainage systems designed to fulfill your water projects. It consists of a long, narrow channel covered by a grate. K100 is a 100mm (internal width) grated trench drain. or similar approved. Grates. 5. Trench Drain Grates. A number of versions featuring different grates, sizes and outlet diameters are also available to suit various applications and flow requirements. • Patented reinforcement underneath designed to prevent bowing and collapse. Materials The covers shall be manufactured from ductile iron and have minimum properties as follows:ACO believes that narrow slotted grates, quality designed access covers and slip resistance go hand in hand. 8" Wide ACO K100 Trench Drain Grates; 5 1/4'' Wide Polycast 600 Series Grates; 5 3/8" Wide Zurn Z886 Grates; 6'' Wide NDS Dura Slope Grates; 8" Wide Trench Drain Grates; 9 3/8" Wide ACO K200 Trench Drain. ACO DRAIN Type 451D/453D Perforated stainless steel grate (ADA) ACO, Inc. Download photo. Available in 2”, 4”, 8” and 12” internal widths, most systems include a built-in slope and grates capable of supporting loads from pedestrian to aircraft traffic. Add to basket. VAT. After removal of grates and ‘QuickLok’ bar there shall be uninterrupted access to the trench to aid maintenance. Special length of 14. ACO Building Drainage Complete system for indoor drainage. At only 60mm wide, the sleek stainless steel grate provides a contemporary and minimalist look. 4. Grates can be used for PowerDrain or SlabDrain. ACO’s DrainLok grates are fitted with anti–shunt lugs that restrict grate movement when installed, improving durability and longevity of the system. • Manufactured from 16 gauge galvanized steel. Products > Trench Grates; Available Designs. Connections available in either fysh plate, or secure flange and gasket. To determine the hydraulic utilisation, each grate was tested until bypass occurred (the point at which liquids would pass across grate). Check sealant for compatibility, if applicable. These offer the most economic option and encompass popular styles and materials. 2 Typical applications Restricted depth applications Parking decks Elevated slabs. 77. ACO Drain. 63. PowerDrain. ACO, Inc. • Manufactured from ductile iron to ASTM A 536-84 - Grade 65-45-12. M150D Intercept Ductile Iron Grating D 400 . Download photo. Product Features. When it comes to modern surface water management, ACO Australia leads the pack. 99Inc Vat. 0 0. Modular 200. info@acousa. ACO leads. We understand the importance of better utilizing one of our planet's vital resource, water, and are working tirelessly to improve its utilization, collection and reuse. Contact Information Phone: 1 (800) 543-4764. Crafted with premium materials, our E600 & F900 Drain Grates offer exceptional durability, ensuring long-lasting performance and cost-effectiveness. ACO specialises in offering a comprehensive range of linear strip drain products that optimise the aesthetics and functionality of your outdoor environments. 00 incl VAT. TraffikDrain combines the benefits of Polycrete® Channels with a choice of purpose designed grates to minimise ponding and other dangers for road users. 9. Everhard 3m EasyDRAIN Pressed Galvanised Steel Grate And Prejoined Channel. Manufacturer ACO. ACO DRAIN PowerDrain - S100K iron edged channel system with longitudinal grate (ADA). Light weight makes it easy to transport and install. Outdoor drainage. Product Features. is a leading manufacturer of quality engineered plumbing and drainage products in the non-residential construction industry. Manufacturers include Mea-Josam, Zurn, Polycast, ACO, East Jordan Ironworks, as well as others. ACO Drain systems are available in 50mm, 100mm, 200mm and 300mm internal widths, and are available with a built-in slope for up to 40 metres of. 1. SlotChannel has a continuous 20mm slot width. Solutions can be supplied to suit light to heavy duty applications. ACO Drain ® systems consist of factory manufactured modular channel units made from corrosion resistant Polycrete® channels, together with grates from a variety of materials for all loading applications. TraffikDrain with removable grates. In-line pits and rubbish baskets. • Uses ACO ‘DrainkLok’ boltless locking system. ACO Drain ACO Sport ACO Infrastructure ACO Stormbrixx ACO. £ 23. 2 Heelsafe® is ACO’s trademark for a pedestrian friendly grate. The surface drainage system shall be ACO DrainK100, KS100, H100-8, H100-10, H100K-8, and H100KS-8 channels* complete with ACO Type 451Q/453Q Perforated stainless steel grate with ‘QuickLok’ locking as manufactured by ACO Polymer Products, Inc. Standard grates ACO Drain provides a wide selection of standard grates for all sizes and types of channels. Long-lasting plastic construction; Wide range of styles and materials. Thickness of plastic rail = 5mm. Parts list. Retail price. or similar approved. Look out for maximum point load (weight. Also a Custom Grate Section. Can be used as part of a trench drain system or as stand-alone units; Polymer concrete bodies; Iron grates fit directly into frame; Price List; Documents; Price List. ACO DRAIN FG200 Bar galvanized steel grate. Complete your trench drain system with one of our durable channel grates. An array of compact bucket traps with fixed and removable strainers is also available. A drainage grate’s primary function is to let surface water enter the. 2 3/4" NDS Mini Channel Trench Drain Grates; 4 1/8 Wide NDS Spee-D Channel Grates; 4 1/8 Wide Zurn Z884 Trench Drain Grates; 4. Longitudinal grates are to be placed at right angles to the principal direction of travel. 0 10. 00 incl VAT. Specialising in slot drain solutions Australia wide, as well as curved slot drain, and external slot drain products, we provide a myriad of solutions designed to meet the needs of both residential and commercial projects. Channel drains are available with various material top grates. Beechcraft St. HexaLine. From channel length, depth and outlet position, to trench drain grate and. Heel Resistant Strainers and Grates • Bicycle Tire Penetration Resistant to AS3996-2006 Specifications General The surface drainage system shall be ACO Drain K100, KS100, and H100K-8 channels*, complete with ACO Type 465D/466D Perforated stainless steel grate with ‘DrainLok’ locking as manufactured by ACO, Inc. Available in AISI 304 or AISI 316L grades of stainless steel. or similar approved. These offer the most economic option and encompass popular styles and materials. 8" Wide ACO K100 Trench Drain Grates; 5 1/4'' Wide Polycast 600 Series Grates; 5 3/8" Wide Zurn Z886 Grates; 6'' Wide NDS Dura Slope Grates; 8" Wide Trench Drain Grates; 9 3/8" Wide ACO K200 Trench Drain. 12" Hydrotec Maxi 300 Polyester Concrete / Heavy Duty Edge Kits. com ACO Drain Standard Products. ACO offers a complete system of stormwater pits with grates to suit all applications around the home, office and garden. or similar approved. £245. Learn how to select the best solution for your drainage project. Strainer baskets available for sediment control or tradewaste applications. The unique variability of the whole range makes it easy to choose a drain that suits a customer’s specific needs. rfa. Add to basket. 45 0. Track and field drainage systems with safety features. • Suitable for use with ACO K100, KS100, C100, H100-8, H100-10, and H100K-8 channels. Freestyle grates ACO offers a semi-custom option with the opportunity to design the top surface look of an iron grate to complement your project design. FlowDrain – F660 Catch Basin With Stainless Steel Frame Spec Sheet 15. Because of the small holes, heel-proof grates are only well suited for areas with low water flow. Constant depth channel only – 39. As the unrivalled leader in linear grate drains and proud providerrs of linear drains Australia-wide, we not only meet your expectations—we shatter them. FlowDrain – F660 Galvanized Steel Bar Grate Spec Sheet. ACO Wexel is a range of push fit vertical floor drains, complete with ‘O-rings’ which offers a fast watertight connection, to PVC or HDPE pipes for wastewater or stormwater applications. ACO Threshold Drains are ideal for use with block paving and are made from extruded plastic and. 19 0. ACO Linear grates are a design statement for the bathroom floor. The surface drainage system shall be ACO Drain K100, KS100, H100-8, H100-10, and H100K-8 channels* complete with ACO Type 411Q/413Q Perforated galvanized steel grate with ‘QuickLok’ locking as manufactured by ACO Polymer Products, Inc. When selecting the grate there are a couple of factors that have to be considered, including the. Public Services. ACO offers high-quality, engineered, sustainable, and integrated stainless steel drainage systems designed to fulfill your water projects. Stainless Steel Grate Specs. Its hidden channel system efficiently manages water flow and can handle different loading classes, making it. ACO’s DrainLok grates are fitted with anti–shunt lugs that restrict grate movement when installed, improving durability and longevity of the system. 33". System 4000 – Open Channel Trench Drain. Grates. SK2 Ductile Iron Slotted Grate. ACO Drain. ACO DRAIN Slab Solutions SlabDrains are problem-solving trench drains. Grates are manufactured from longitudinal ductile iron. 4404 (316L) grades of stainless steel. Standard grates ACO Drain provides a wide selection of standard grates for all sizes and types of channels. Products can be supplied to suit heavy duty applications. If you want to find out more about any of ACO’s products for urban landscapes or road infrastructure call 1300 765 226 to speak with an expert – or contact us now via email. Our resolution to. co. Materials The covers shall be manufactured from ductile iron and have minimum properties as follows: • Independently certified to meet Load Class E to EN 1433 - 135,000 lbs - 2,323 psiThe ACO Modular 125+ linear stainless steel drainage channels are available as an off-the-shelf option, including a wide choice of lengths, inverts and gratings. Anise. Sloped or neutral stainless steel channels. Grates. ACO offer a range of stainless steel drainage products to be installed in both stormwater and wastewater applications in buildings. Each of our commercial grates complies with AS 4586 legislative requirements for slip resistance. • Bicycle Tire Penetration Resistant to AS3996-2006. • Uses ACO ‘DrainLok’ boltless locking system. KS100 ACO™ K200 ACO™ MiniKlassik ADP 2" Channel Drain Filcoten® Tec V 100 Hubbell® Polycast® 600 Series Iron Age Custom Frame MEA® 1000 Series MEA®. Public Services. ACO’s Heelsafe Anti-Slip® grates and covers provide the ideal solution for flat pavements where slip resistance, durability and heel safety are required. Polymer concrete products should be handled with care as they can be damaged by impact from other products or machinery. or similar approved. Engineered to withstand the toughest conditions, these drain grates are built for heavy-duty applications, making them perfect for industrial sites, airports, and high-traffic areas. Catch Basins. 8" Wide ACO K100 Trench Drain Grates; 5 1/4'' Wide Polycast 600 Series Grates; 5 3/8" Wide Zurn Z886 Grates; 6'' Wide NDS Dura Slope. ove water - rem fro. • A Suitable for use with K200, KS200, H200K-13, and H200KS-13 channels. 00 incl VAT. (13) $106 . Today ACO in North America is a multi-site manufacturing and sales operation using a variety of materials for its extensive range of drainage products for all aspects of building and construction. ACO MultiDrain M100D - 135mm x 150mm x 1000mm. Floor Drains are a collection of single square or round point drains that provide drainage with minimal installation. ACO MultiDrain M200 Heelguard Iron Grating 500mm - D 400 Loading. 4 Hydraulic utilisation of the grate – 100% indicates that all the grate intake capacity is used. 5mm Side elevation 18mm ACO PowerLok is a. Shipping gipple/groove to ensure safer stacking for shipping and to minimize breakage. The surface drainage system shall be ACO Drain K100, KS100, and H100K-8 channels* complete with ACO Type 460D Ductile iron slotted grate with ‘DrainLok’ locking as manufactured by ACO, Inc. grate seating of the channel, the anti-shunt lugs help prevent lateral movement and the weight of covering material keeps the unit secured. KS300 has a grade 304 stainless steel edge rail for use where increased aesthetics or corrosion resistance is required. When installed correctly, ACO Drain products. Acanthus. 3. Ductile iron ASTM 536-84 - Grate 65-45-12. 1 - Meets ASME A112. Add to basket. Grate removal tool 01318 29. A slot drain system is a unique, high-performing pavement drain, notable for its linear slot replacing a traditional grate. ACO is a global leader in water management, with products to collect, clean, hold and release water; addressing all phases of the water cycle and supporting water sensitive urban design. EcoPanel (Linear permeable pavers) EcoPanel is a stormwater trench drain cover constructed from permeable UV stable resin-bonded aggregate in a galvanised steel frame. This slip resistant grate is ideal for pedestrian precincts and food preparation areas. Choice of standard and locking grates in 3 styles including Heelsafe® Anti-Slip. ACO Drain: PowerDrain: S100K: Athletic Venues: Download: Search for: Recent Posts. Systems include catch basins, end caps and other accessories. ACO Deckline125 C250 Galvanised Steel Channel Drain Grate More Options. • Certified to EN 1433 Load Class C - 56,000 lbs - 1,162 psi. The unique variability of the whole range makes it easy to choose a drain that suits a customer’s specific needs. 300mm internal width. HexaLine. Multiple grate styles including Heelsafe Anti-Slip. 12 (American high heel standard). ACO Sport® systems are available to meet the requirements of any athletic arena from high school fields to Olympic Stadiums via slotted drains, grates, radiussed channels, and padded edges for added athlete safety. Linear Linear or Barrier-Free Grates ACO Linear grates are a design statement for the bathroom floor. 3 - 01318 29. INSTALLER: Steven Dubner. Available in grade 304 or grade 316 stainless steel. Add to basket. Best for aesthetic applications where a barrier is required to separate wet and dry areas. 16. It's boltless in as much as it uses a sliding lock/s setup from underneath, accessed through the grating holes with an inexpensive tool available from ACO. 50 incl VAT. Ductile Iron Grate Specs. Check out HexaLine Brickslot for a more discreet, slot drainage solution for the HexaLine channel. * This channel features bottom knockouts; 4″ & 6″ for 200 mm channels. • Certified to EN 1433 Load Class E - 135,000 lbs - 2,321 psi. 1 QuickLok bar 10457 - 0. Grates Grates shall be specifi ed. Strainers and Grates • Bicycle Tire Penetration Resistant to AS 3996 - 2006 Specifications General The surface drainage system shall be ACO Drain K200, KS200, and H200K-13, channels*, complete with ACO Type 676D longitudinal ductile iron grate with ‘DrainLok’ locking as manufactured by ACO Polymer Products, Inc. Modular channels are available in various widths with a built-in 0. Certified according to EN 1253-1. Product Lines. 00 incl VAT. Channel drainage is a key point in the management of surface water intercepting and conveying water to the next phase of it’s journey – a journey that has to be carefully and properly managed through cleaning, infiltration, attenuation and release. Add to basket. Associated products. Hygienic grates with slip resistance. Product Details. ACO KlassikDrain systems are available in 4”, 8” and 12” nominal internal widths with up to 130 feet (40m) of built-in continuous slope. ACO Drain grates are predominantly manufactured from ductile iron, mild steel, stainless steel or plastic. MaterialsHeel Resistant Strainers and Grates • Bicycle Tire Penetration Resistant to AS3996-2006 Specifications General The surface drainage system shall be ACO Drain K100, KS100, and H100K-8 channels*, complete with ACO Type 465D/466D Perforated stainless steel grate with ‘DrainLok’ locking as manufactured by ACO, Inc. Light weight makes it easy to transport and install. Grates are available with optional locking bars for grate security. ACO RoadDrain 200 Channel Drain 260mm x 400mm x 500mm. ACO Hexdrain Pro Channel Drain 138mm x 150mm x 1000mm - C250 Load. 8" Wide ACO K100 Trench Drain Grates; 5 1/4'' Wide Polycast 600 Series Grates; 5 3/8" Wide Zurn Z886 Grates; 6'' Wide NDS Dura Slope Grates; 8" Wide Trench Drain Grates; 9 3/8" Wide ACO K200 Trench Drain. ACO TD100 with Factory Installed Non-Removable Grates and opening to attach a 12" Diameter Horizontal Outlet Flume. INSTALLATION. 4. View options. Channels are made from corrosion resistant polymer concrete and to suit many applications, there is a wide range of AS 3996 compliant grates, slotted tops and linear permeable pavers come in a variety of materials. All systems have 40 metres of continuous slope. 0. When appearance is as important as drainage, check out our decorative grate options. View options. 414340. Selecting from our trench drain systems is easy. Plastic Removable Grid Supplied. Channel Drain Black Composite Grate - 500mm ACO Modular 125. Installation The trench drain system shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s installation instructions and recommendations. Hygienic design following EN 1672, EN ISO 14159 and EHEDG document No. After removal of grates and ‘QuickLok’ bar there shall be uninterrupted access to the trench to aid maintenance. ACO Drain’s wide range of products suit general purpose, heavy duty and restricted depth applications. 1Meter (39. Multiple grate styles including Heelsafe Anti-Slip. This Drainlock™ lifting tool from ACO is their recommended method of unlocking and lifting the grates on their range of channel drainage solutions. ACO Floor Drain range is available in a number of versions featuring different grates, sizes and vertical or horizontal outlet options to suit various applications and flow requirements. or similar approved. Fort Carson. All Modular 125+ drainage channels are manufactured in ACO’s state-of-the-art facility. • E- coated for improved resistance against rust. The hydraulic intake capacities of ACO’s grates have been independently measured by experimentation at the UNSW under varying flow rates and catchment approach slopes. All Filters. Aquascape 71mm Interlaken Cast Iron Drain Grate 278mm - Pack of 4. Northeast Office Toll Free: 800-543-4764 9470 Pinecone Dr. Length Width Weight inches (mm) inches (mm) lbs. 4. Choice of standard and locking grates in 3 styles including Heelsafe® Anti-Slip. 5: Surface Openings in Pedestrian Areas. 98"D. ACO. or similar approved. ACO Threshold Drain Drainage Channel with Stainless Steel Grating - 1m. com Corporate Office: 825 West Beechcraft St. ACO MultiDrain M150DS Stainless Steel B125 Channel Drain Grate - 1000mm More Options. Q&A. 5-tonne point load. KlassikDrain is sold as channel only. 2 3/4" NDS Mini Channel Trench Drain Grates; 4 1/8 Wide NDS Spee-D Channel Grates; 4 1/8 Wide Zurn Z884 Trench Drain Grates; 4. Variety of widths available, 75, 100 and 123 (nominal)2 3/4" NDS Mini Channel Trench Drain Grates; 4 1/8 Wide NDS Spee-D Channel Grates; 4 1/8 Wide Zurn Z884 Trench Drain Grates; 4. Read More. Lightweight, easy to transport and handle. Regular Joe 13″ x 20″ trench grate, raw ductile iron. To help prevent public injuries, ACO believes that slip resistant grates should be implemented where possible. au. Applications: Steep driveways. 0 Grate removal tool 01318 - - 0. Add to basket. 10" Wide Trench Drain Grates. Materials The covers shall be manufactured from galvanized steel and have minimumACO HexDrains are designed for domestic use up to Load Class A 15 for pedestrians, cycleways and light domestic vehicles only. Alternatively for projects which require discreet drainage, ACO’s range of slot drainage can provide an aesthetically pleasing solution. DESIGN: Rundell Ernstberger Associates. 2. 00 incl VAT. from $165 00 from. nz ACO DRAIN® Type 476D Iron Intercept Heelsafe® Anti-Slip grate Description Part No. ACO Floor Drain Grates Grates ACO 8” Hygienic Floor Drain Grates for ACO 8” Hygienic Floor Drain Product information A variety of grates are available depending on application and required load class. 37 (1000) 13. 5mm 98. 8" Wide ACO K100 Trench Drain Grates; 5 1/4'' Wide Polycast 600 Series Grates; 5 3/8" Wide Zurn Z886 Grates; 6'' Wide NDS Dura Slope Grates; 8" Wide Trench Drain Grates; 9 3/8" Wide ACO K200 Trench Drain. Compare. 1J Channel. or equal approved. Emu Plains NSW 2750. 8" Wide ACO K100 Trench Drain Grates; 5 1/4'' Wide Polycast 600 Series Grates; 5 3/8" Wide Zurn Z886 Grates; 6'' Wide NDS Dura Slope Grates; 8" Wide Trench Drain Grates; 9 3/8" Wide ACO K200 Trench Drain. KlassikDrain Steel edge, modular trench system in 100mm, 200mm & 300mm internal width: PowerDrain Heavy duty iron edged, modular trench system in 100mm, 200mm &. £340. 8" Wide ACO K100 Trench Drain Grates; 5 1/4'' Wide Polycast 600 Series Grates; 5 3/8" Wide Zurn Z886 Grates; 6'' Wide NDS Dura Slope Grates; 8" Wide Trench Drain Grates; 9 3/8" Wide ACO K200 Trench Drain. ACO leads the way in high-quality commercial and industrialACO Infrastructure comprises a number of systems for roads and highways; mass transit systems (rail, bus, terminals, truck stops etc…) bridges and tunnels; seaports and container terminals, and airports. £100. Each grate is secured by two PowerLok clips and the unique fit between the trench body edge rail and the grate provide multiple anti-shunt locations to avoid grate movement along the trench. Grates feaure cut out for subsill integration. Heelguard Grate Only (Stainless Steel) - Steel Builders. Manufactured in stainless steel, these products are the drainage channels for residential, retail and commercial processing plants. Whether due to elevated slabs or depth restrictions, SlabDrains allow a practical tench drain solution. 68"L x . Frames supplied with plastic snap-fit studs for connecting to fiberglass body. 4 LENGTH (SEE TABLE) 2. £340. KS100 ACO™ K200 ACO™ MiniKlassik ADP 2" Channel Drain Filcoten® Tec V 100 Hubbell® Polycast® 600 Series Iron Age Custom Frame MEA® 1000 Series MEA® EN1500 MEA. MaterialsProduct Details. ACO Drain’s wide range of products suit general purpose, heavy duty and restricted depth applications. ACO TD100 with Factory Installed Non-Removable Grates and opening to attach a 12" Diameter Horizontal Outlet Flume. ACO Aquaduct’s division specializes in custom drainage solutions and offers products made from FRP (fiberglass reinforced plastic), stainless steel and other materials.